1/22/2024 0 Comments Mn element toxicity![]() From an anthropocentric standpoint, the fact that many of these elements are now present in increasing concentrations represents a risk to global food security, along with various other forms of abiotic stress. This has, in turn, impacted the food chains (bioaccumulation) and posing severe risks to human health through the pollution of arable lands and diverse ecosystems. In addition to their natural presence in the environment, human activity has largely contributed to their liberation from these natural sources, causing contamination of soils, rivers, oceans, and the atmosphere. However, when their levels are found in high concentrations, toxicity for many of its life forms (microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans) can result. Metals and metalloid ions are a natural part of our planet and are present in the diverse layers that compose it. We also address some of the potential applications of biotechnology to improve plant tolerance or increase accumulation. The aim of the present review is to summarize relevant findings on the mechanisms by which plants take up, accumulate, transport, tolerate, and respond to this metal/metalloid stress. Recent studies in the omics era have increased knowledge on the plant genome and transcriptome plasticity to defend against these stimuli. The main strategies involve hyperaccumulation, tolerance, exclusion, and chelation with organic molecules. Metals and metalloids exert several effects on plants generated by elements such as Zn, Cu, Al, Pb, Cd, and As, among others. Plants have developed complex mechanisms to overcome these biotic and abiotic stresses during evolution. Soil contamination ranks among the most important factors, since it affects crop yield, and the metals/metalloids can enter the food chain and undergo biomagnification, having concomitant effects on human health and alterations to the environment. Worldwide, the effects of metal and metalloid toxicity are increasing, mainly due to anthropogenic causes.
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